Smear analysis - transcript

Practically every visit of a woman to a gynecologist is accompanied by a swab to determine the nature of the microflora of the genitourinary system (general smear, gynecological). And today we will talk about what the figures mean on the leaflet with the results of the analysis.

Decoding of gynecological smear

Microscopic examination and interpretation of the smear can identify diseases that are sexually transmitted, inflammation.

For research, swabs from the vagina, as well as the cervix and urethra (urethra) are taken with a special spatula. Taken extracts are applied to slides with notations: vagina - "V", urethra - "U", cervix - "C".

In the laboratory, at first, staining of smears with special dyes (according to Gram). The material is then examined under a microscope.

Decoding of the general analysis of a smear is made on following indicators:

1. Flat epithelium. With normal indices, the epithelium (cells lining the vagina and cervix) is present. Its amount varies depending on the menstrual cycle - up to 15 cells in the field of view. A large indicator may indicate an inflammatory process (vaginitis, cervicitis, urethritis). If the cells of the epithelium are not found in the smear - this is evidence of a lack of estrogen or atrophy of epithelial cells.
2. Leukocytes. These cells perform a protective function in the body, preventing the penetration of the infection. Normally, the number of them in the vagina and urethra - up to 10, and in the cervix - up to 30. If the decoding of the smear microscopy shows the excess of leukocytes, it is a sign of inflammation.
3. Lactobacilli (Dederlein sticks) are representatives of the normal microflora of the vagina. With healthy indicators, there must be a large number of them in the smear. A small amount is a sign of a violation of the vaginal microflora.
4. Slime is produced by the glands of the vagina and the cervical canal. Normally, there should be a small amount of mucus.
5. Fungus Candida - the presence of it when deciphering the analysis of the results of a common smear indicates thrush.
6. If the smear analysis shows the presence of foreign microorganisms (gonococci, small sticks, trichomonads, atypical cells, etc.), then this indicates an infection.

Bakposev Smear - Explanation

To clarify the diagnosis, it is sometimes necessary to carry out bacteriological culture. This analysis also reveals the sensitivity of the causative agent of infection to antibiotics. With this method, the selected material is placed in a nutrient medium for 7-15 days. In the interpretation of the smear analysis, the number of representatives of the normal, conditionally pathogenic and pathogenic flora is indicated in the CFU (colony forming units).

Smear for cytology - transcript

A smear for cytology (a Pap smear) is a microscopic analysis conducted to determine the size, shape, number and location of cells.

Decoding of the smear on oncocytology is as follows: negative result (normal) - all cells of flat and cylindrical epithelium without features; positive - the presence of atypical cells (different in shape, size, located pathologically).

The cause of a positive smear can be infectious inflammation, background diseases (erosion, polyps, etc.), as well as precancerous conditions (dysplasia) and cervical cancer.

There are 5 classes of cervical conditions:

1. Normal cytological picture.
2. Modified cells are a sign of the inflammatory process of the genital organs.
3. The presence of single atypical cells (additional tests will be required).
4. The presence of a small number of cancer cells.
5. A large number of cancer cells.

Smear from the throat - transcript

Often, the pharynysis of mucus from the pharynx is carried out with angina, acute respiratory disease, pertussis, meningococcal infection, with suspicion of carriage of pathogens of these diseases.

Normally, the microflora of the pharynx is represented by epidermal staphylococcus, green streptococcus, non-diseased Neisserias and pneumococci, and a small amount of Candida fungus. Pathogenic microorganisms are more often identified Candida albicans, β-hemolytic group A streptococcus, pertussis causative agent, diphtheria bacillus.