Hemorrhagic syndrome (skin-hemorrhagic syndrome) is a tendency to hemorrhage from the skin and mucous membranes. In this case, spontaneous release of blood from undamaged vessels can be observed. The syndrome is associated with changes in one or more links of the hemostasis - an organism's system that ensures the preservation of blood in the liquid state, which helps stop bleeding and dissolve blood clots that have performed their functions.
Causes of hemorrhagic syndrome
Most often, hemorrhagic syndrome develops against a background of secondary thrombocytopathy and thrombocytopenia, a lack of factors of the prothrombin complex, thrombohemorrhagic syndrome, and also capillarotoxicosis. In some cases, the occurrence of pathology is associated with Vergolf's disease, hemophilia, a lack of prothrombin in the blood.
The development of hemorrhagic syndrome may also be medicated with long-term use of high doses of drugs that disrupt platelet aggregation and the process of blood clotting (antiaggregants and anticoagulants). It is this factor in recent times is a common cause of this pathology. Psychogenic factors are also not excluded.
Symptoms and types of hemorrhagic syndrome
The main manifestations of the syndrome are bleeding of various types and degrees of difficulty and skin hemorrhagic eruptions. Bleeding can occur spontaneously or as a result of the influence of some external factors: physical overstrain, hypothermia, trauma. Skin manifestations differ in variety, they can have the form of point hemorrhages, extensive bruises, rashes with ulcerous necrotic surface, etc.
There are five types of hemorrhagic syndrome. Let's enumerate and characterize each of them:
- Hematomic - is typical for hemophilia, a lack of coagulation factors. In this case, there are massive hemorrhages in the muscles, soft tissues and large joints, accompanied by soreness. As a result, the functions of the musculoskeletal system are gradually developing.
- Microcircular (petechial-spotted) - characterized by superficial hemorrhages under the skin, bruising that occur with the slightest trauma. This species occurs more often with thrombocytopathy, a lack of fibrin, an inherited deficiency of clotting factors.
- Microcirculatory-hematoma (mixed) - characterized by the appearance of petechial-spotted bleeding and large hematomas, with hemorrhages in the joints is extremely rare. Mixed species is diagnosed with a deficiency of clotting factors, overdose of anticoagulants, thrombohemorrhagic syndrome, von Willebrand disease.
- Vasculitis-purple - characterized by the appearance of hemorrhages in the form of purple, it is possible to join jade and intestinal bleeding. This type of hemorrhagic syndrome occurs with vasculitis and with thrombocytopathy.
- Angiomatous - is observed with telangiectasias, angiomas and is characterized by persistent hemorrhages in the zones of vascular pathologies.
Diagnosis of hemorrhagic syndrome
To confirm the diagnosis, a number of studies are required, among which:
- a detailed analysis of blood and urine;
- coagulation tests;
- study the amount of prothrombin and fibrinogen;
- counting of platelets in peripheral blood, etc.
Treatment of hemorrhagic syndrome
The principles of treatment of patients with hemorrhagic syndrome are determined by the causes of pathology, severity of symptoms and concomitant diseases. As a rule, medication is prescribed with the use of vitamin K, hemostatics, ascorbic acid, etc. In some cases, transfusion of plasma and blood components is recommended.