DIC-Syndrome

DIC-syndrome - a syndrome of disseminated intravascular coagulation - a violation of hemostasis, characterized by changes in blood coagulability. The resulting micro-clusters and aggregates of blood cells are the cause of malfunction of microcirculation and dystrophic changes in the organs, leading to the development of hypocoagulation, thrombocytopenia and bleeding.

Causes of development of DIC syndrome

DIC-syndrome is not a separate disease and develops against the background of the following pathological conditions:

• septic processes during childbirth, medical abortion and prolonged catheterization of large vessels;
• trauma of blood vessels, vascular walls and parenchyma of internal organs during surgical intervention or vascular prosthetics;
• pathologies in obstetrics and gynecology, operative delivery;
• shock conditions, resulting from injuries, cardiogenic, hemorrhagic and other disorders;
• cancerous blood diseases (myeloma, erythremia);
• Malignant formations in lung tissue, prostate and pancreas;
• autoimmune diseases (lupus erythematosus, glomerulonephritis , hemorrhagic vasculitis);
• hemolysis with burns;
• toxic lesions when a snake venom enters the bloodstream;
• long-term use of drugs that enhance blood clotting and cause platelet formation.

Symptoms of DIC syndrome

The DIC syndrome clinic is associated with a disease that caused this condition.

Acute DIC-syndrome manifests itself as a shock state caused by violation of all links of hemostasis.

With chronic DVS-syndrome there is a gradual increase in clinical manifestations with signs:

• hypovolemia (reduction of blood volume in blood vessels);
• dystrophic organ damage;
• disturbances of metabolic processes.

During the DIC-syndrome, the stages are:

1. In the first stage, hypercoagulation and hyperaggregation of platelets occurs.
2. In the second phase, there are changes in blood clotting (hypercoagulation or hypocoagulation).
3. In the third stage, the blood ceases to collapse at all.
4. In the fourth phase, hemostatic parameters either normalize or complications occur leading to a fatal outcome.
5. The fourth stage is considered permissive.

Diagnosis of ICE-syndrome

Most often, the diagnosis is established at the first sign of DIC syndrome. However, in a number of diseases (for example, in leukemia, lupus erythematosus), diagnosis is difficult. In such cases, laboratory diagnosis of DIC syndrome is carried out, which includes:

• detection of blood clotting rates;
• blood clot analysis and prothrombin time;
• detection of violations in the thromboelastogram;
• paracoagulation tests.

Treatment and prevention of DIC syndrome

Treatment of DIC syndrome, as a rule, is carried out in the intensive care unit and is aimed at eliminating the blood clots formed, preventing the formation of new blood clots, as well as restoring blood circulation and regulating hemostasis. In addition, intensive therapy is carried out to remove the patient from a shock state, Antibacterial or other etiotropic therapy allows to resist an infectious organism. Patients may be prescribed anticoagulant, disaggregant, fibrinolytic and substitution therapy.

In chronic ICE-syndrome, for example, in patients with renal insufficiency, the method of plasmaphoresis is effective. It consists in the fact that the patient is taken 600 ml of plasma, which is replaced by preparations of freshly frozen plasma. Method aimed at removing from the body of a portion of protein and immune complexes, as well as activated clotting factors.

Prevention of DIC syndrome is primarily aimed at eliminating the causes that contribute to its development. Among the preventive measures:

• surgical intervention, conducted by the least traumatic method;
• high-grade treatment of tumors;
• prevention of snake bites and severe poisoning;
• Inclusion of anticoagulants in the therapy of infectious diseases, etc.